The opening of the Age of Exploration was due to the Arab countries monopolizing trade between the East and West, along with the historical conquests of Middle Eastern regimes like Ancient Persia, the Arab Empire, and the Ottoman Empire towards Europe. This forced Europeans to find new trade routes. Even after these routes were opened, they continued to strive to restrict the expansion space of the Arabian Religious Influence, and East Africa inherited this aspect.
Compared to Europe, East Africa is located on the Indian Ocean coast, naturally forming a competitive relationship with the Arabian Religious Influence. The reason East Africa can dominate the Indian Ocean today is largely due to the decline of Arabian Religious Influence, creating space for East African expansion in the Indian Ocean.
Therefore, what Frier referred to as the "Arabian Religious Threat" is also determined by the national interests of East African countries. This point is agreed upon within East Africa.
